What is avian influenza?
Avian influenza (AI) is highly contagious viral disease that affects both domestic and wild birds. AI viruses are usually classified into two categories: low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI), which typically causes no or very few clinical signs in poultry, and high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) which typically causes high mortality rates in poultry.
What are the clinical signs of disease in poultry?
The type and severity of clinical signs displayed will be dependent upon the strain of the virus and the species affected; some species such as ducks and geese may show few clinical signs.
How is the disease spread?
Wild bird species are the natural host and reservoir for all types of avian influenza, naturally carrying the virus in their respiratory and intestinal tracts, commonly without developing signs of the disease. The virus is predominantly spread via body secretions, both directly and indirectly. Migratory birds (predominantly waterfowl and gulls) can spread the disease over a wide geographical area.
Why is the winter a higher risk period for avian influenza?
The UK is at increased risk of avian influenza from migrating birds during winter. Furthermore, avian influenza viruses are able to survive for prolonged periods of time in the environment, particularly in low temperatures.
How can I prevent my birds from contracting avian influenza?
All keepers of poultry should ensure that they uphold good levels of biosecurity to prevent disease entering their flock. This includes:
- Maintaining good levels of hygiene and regularly disinfecting hard surfaces;
- Changing shoes before entering/leaving to avoid transferring faeces in/out of the poultry enclosure;
- Minimising contact with wildlife by humanely controlling rodents and deterring wild birds. Contact with wild birds can be minimised by placing food and water in an enclosed area such as the coop, and preventing poultry from accessing ponds/standing water frequented by wild bird populations, for example by erecting temporary fencing;
- Where possible, keeping birds of different poultry species separate (e.g. ducks and geese should be separate from chickens).
Whilst it is important that all backyard keepers maintain good levels of biosecurity, it is particularly prudent for keepers in areas deemed at higher risk of an incursion of avian influenza. In Great Britain, a number of High Risk Areas (HRAs) have been identified based upon previous experience, scientific expertise and veterinary opinion, and are predominantly areas where large numbers of migratory wild birds gather. To find out whether you are in a HRA, use the interactive map.
What should I do if I suspect avian influenza?
Avian influenza is a notifiable disease. If it is suspected, it must be reported immediately:
- In England, contact the Defra Rural Services Helpline on 03000 200 301
- In Wales, contact your local Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) office on 0300 303 8268
- In Scotland, contact your local Field Services Office
- For keepers in Northern Ireland, contact your local DVO.
Read the Defra press release here and read BSAVA’s Q&A here.