New research from the Royal Veterinary College (RVC) has identified the most common conditions in pet guinea pigs in the UK are overgrown nails, ringworm and eye ulcers. Several of these common conditions are linked to sedentary lives in captivity and, therefore, offer opportunities to reduce their frequency. These findings will not only help veterinary teams to improve clinical care for guinea pigs but also provide owners with evidence-based health information so they can provide more natural living conditions for their pets.
The guinea pig is a hugely popular pet in the UK. They are generally considered docile, lively and easy to care for by prospective owners. However, these beliefs may reflect limited awareness of common disorders due to the lack of research into the health issues affecting the subset of the species kept as pets.
Therefore, the study, led by the RVC’s VetCompassprogramme, investigated anonymised veterinary clinical records of a random sample of 3,785 guinea pigs from the 51,622 guinea pigs under primary veterinary care in the UK in 2019. Researchers analysed the diagnosis and mortality information to learn more about the most common disorders diagnosed in these guinea pigs and also about how long guinea pigs lived overall.
Overgrown nail(s) was the most commonly recorded disorder overall, with a one-year frequency of 26.55 percent, showing that over a quarter of guinea pigs were affected every year. Other commonly recorded disorders included ringworm (dermatophytosis) at 6.02 percent; eye ulcer (corneal ulceration) at 4.99 percent; diagnosis not completed (formal diagnosis not reached) at 4.39 percent; anorexia (not eating) at 4.04 percent; and abscess (painful; infected swelling) at 4.02 percent.
The study also identified substantial health differences between male and female guinea pigs. For example, male guinea pigs had shorter lifespans overall and were predisposed to bite injuries and dental disorders, while females were more susceptible to eye disorders.
Other key findings include:
- The average adult bodyweight for guinea pigs was 1.05kg. The average bodyweight of males (1.10kg) was heavier than females (1.00kg)
- The average age of the guinea pigs in the study was 2.21 years. The average age of females (2.33 years) was older than males (2.14 years)
- Female guinea pigs had a higher probability than males of corneal ulceration, ocular/conjunctival foreign body and abdominal mass
- Male guinea pigs had a higher probability than females of anorexia, bite injury, overgrown incisor(s), dental disease and wound(s)
- The overall average age at death was 4.03 years. The average lifespan of females (4.58 years) was statistically higher than males (3.74 years)
- The most common causes of death were anorexia, collapse and peri-anaesthetic death
- Only 2.95 percent of guinea pigs had a formal breed name recorded
These results contribute to an improved understanding of the common disorders in pet guinea pigs in the UK. Many of the most common disorders, such as overgrown nail(s) and corneal ulceration, are related to animal care, such as levels of exercise, diet, and bedding conditions. Therefore, raising awareness of these risks can help owners prevent and detect these conditions. Routine veterinary health checks are recommended for guinea pigs to allow early disease detection and also provide an opportunity to advise owners regarding husbandry and diet.
Dr Dan O’Neill, associate professor of Companion Animal Epidemiology at RVC and lead author of the study, said: “This study highlights that many of the most common health issues of pet guinea pigs are related to how we keep them as pets in captivity. With this new awareness, owners can better understand the world from the guinea pigs’ perspective and provide exercise, bedding and nail care to ensure these wonderful creatures enjoy healthier lives.”
Dr Vicki Baldrey, lecturer in Exotic Species and Small Mammal Medicine and Surgery at RVC and co-author of the study, said: “This research will help us focus our undergraduate teaching and continuing education materials on the most commonly seen conditions in pet guinea pigs, to ensure vets are as well informed as possible, not only to diagnose and treat these much-loved pets, but to advise owners on optimal husbandry practices to prevent problems and enhance welfare.”
