A new study, published in the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW) journal Animal Welfare, published by Cambridge University Press, presents a compelling call for reform in dog breeding practices. Led by associate professor Helle Friis Proschowsky and professor Peter Sandøe of the University of Copenhagen, in collaboration with colleagues from the UK, the US and Canada, the study challenges the dominance of appearance-driven breeding and advocates for a stronger focus on canine health and welfare.
Titled A New Future for Dog Breeding, the study highlights the rising concerns over the genetic health of purebred dogs, from inherited disorders to problems linked with selection for extreme physical characteristics. It also examines trends such as the diminishing influence of traditional kennel clubs, the rise of designer breeds – deliberate crosses of two established breeds such as Cockapoos (Cocker Spaniel x Poodle) and Labradoodles (Labrador x Poodle), and the increased popularity of mixed-breed dogs. The study challenges assumptions about the advantages of designer breeds and mixed breeds, noting that while genetic diversity can mitigate certain inherited disorders, these dogs are not immune to health or behavioural problems.
The study’s findings echo concerns recently outlined by the UK Government’s Animal Welfare Committee in their published opinion on specialised canine reproductive practices. The Committee highlighted the urgent welfare implications of breeding for extreme physical traits and the need for systemic reforms to prioritise animal welfare.
In their study, the authors propose a balanced scientific framework for reform, urging breeders and regulators to:
- Remove traits in breed standards that promote extreme physical characteristics detrimental to health
- Refrain from a knee-jerk closure of all kennel and breed clubs, but retain a formal dog breeding register to improve genetic diversity and reduce uncontrolled dog breeding, thereby providing traceability and transparency
- Ensure that legislation is introduced so that changes apply to the entire population of dogs and not simply to pedigree dogs, as is often the case with breed-specific health schemes administered by the kennel clubs
- Support the use of modern genetic tools to select against disease-predisposing genotypes and phenotypes
Commenting on the findings, associate professor Proschowsky said: “With the paper we want to stress the urgency of action in the field and present some ways to move forward. Next, we wish to add some evidence-based nuances to some of the statements that are often heard in the public debate. This includes the argument that mixed breeds or designer breeds are always healthier, and that the whole concept of breeds should be abandoned. Our main message here is that what is needed is not to give up organized breeding of dogs but to breed with the aim of having future dogs who are healthy.”
The study emphasises the need for a collaborative approach among breeders, veterinary professionals, geneticists, and policymakers to implement reforms that balance welfare and practicality. It also stresses the pressing need for change in dog breeding, urging a shift from prioritising physical appearance to focusing on health and welfare.
The full study, titled A New Future for Dog Breeding, is available to read open access here.